![]() ![]() He put on the toga virilis at fifteen, and was elected to the College of Pontiffs. In 51 B.C.E., when he was eleven years old, Octavius delivered the funeral oration for his grandmother, Julia Caesaris (sister of Julius Caesar), elder sister of Caesar. He spent most of his remaining childhood in the house of his stepfather, Lucius Marcius Philippus. In 58 B.C.E., when he was four years old, his father died. He spent his early years in his grandfather's house near Veletrae (modern Velletri). His mother, Atia, was the niece of Gaius Julius Caesar, soon to be Rome's most successful general and Dictator. Shortly after Octavius's birth, his father gave him the surname of Thurinus, possibly to commemorate the Macedonian victory at Thurii over a rebellious band of slaves. His father, also Gaius Octavius, came from a respectable but undistinguished family of the equestrian order and was governor of Macedonia. He was born in Rome (or Velletri) on September 23, 63 B.C.E., with the name Gaius Octavius. ![]() When the founders of the United States decided to establish the office of President, they spoke of inaugurating an "Augustan Age." This refers both to the Augustan peace and to the high cultural achievement of his era, when many poems and texts on such themes as patriotism, the world of nature, and history were dedicated to him.ĭuring his reign, Virgil's Aeneid was completed, as were Horace's Odes (Books I-III), among other classical works of significance. This sense of a common European home continued to inform European thought even in the Dark Ages and still contributes to European identity today. Throughout Europe, many different people gained a sense of belonging to the same world, governed by the same moral code and Roman law. He increased the length of tenure of provincial governors because this proved to provide more stability. He became head of the state cult (pontifex maximus) as well as temporal ruler. He believed that peace depended on citizens faithfully performing their religious duties. He encouraged marriage, giving tax concessions to couples with children, made adultery a crime, and he also restricted luxury and extravagance. He was a great believer in what he thought of as "republican values," such as hard work, discipline, obedience, piety, and the appreciation of art and culture. Augustus was concerned with public morality, and enacted legislation. He ended a century of civil wars and gave Rome an era of peace, prosperity, and imperial greatness, known as the Pax Romana, "Roman peace." Over the next four-hundred years, Rome would establish municipalities across Western Europe and North Africa, build roads, public buildings, and construct the infrastructure of governance that still provides the basis of modern political systems. ![]() – 14 C.E.), known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (in English, Octavian), for the period of his life prior to 27 B.C.E., was the first and among the most important of the Roman Emperors.Īlthough he preserved the outward form of the Roman Republic, he ruled as an autocrat for more than 40 years and his rule is the dividing line between the Republic and the Roman Empire. Tiberius, stepson by 3rd wife and adoptive sonĪugustus (Latin: IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI FILIVS AVGVSTVS) (September 23, 63 B.C.E. ![]()
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